Although example above already shows it, I'd like to explicitly state that ?: associativity DIFFERS from that of C++. I.e. convenient switch/case-like expressions of the form
$i==1 ? "one" :
$i==2 ? "two" :
$i==3 ? "three" :
"error";
will not work in PHP as expectedphp运算符优先级
运算符优先级指定了两个表达式绑定得有多“紧密”。例如，表达式 1 + 5 * 3 的结果是 16 而不是 18 是因为乘号（“*”）的优先级比加号（“+”）高。必要时可以用括号来强制改变优先级。例如：(1 + 5) * 3 的值为 18。
如果运算符优先级相同，其结合方向决定着应该从右向左求值，还是从左向右求值——见下例。
下表按照优先级从高到低列出了运算符。同一行中的运算符具有相同优先级，此时它们的结合方向决定求值顺序。
| 结合方向 | 运算符 | 附加信息 |
|---|---|---|
| 无 | clone new | clone 和 new |
| 左 | [ | array() |
| 右 | ++ -- ~ (int) (float) (string) (array) (object) (bool) @ | 类型和递增／递减 |
| 无 | instanceof | 类型 |
| 右 | ! | 逻辑运算符 |
| 左 | * / % | 算术运算符 |
| 左 | + - . | 算术运算符和字符串运算符 |
| 左 | << >> | 位运算符 |
| 无 | == != === !== <> | 比较运算符 |
| 左 | & | 位运算符和引用 |
| 左 | ^ | 位运算符 |
| 左 | | | 位运算符 |
| 左 | && | 逻辑运算符 |
| 左 | || | 逻辑运算符 |
| 左 | ? : | 三元运算符 |
| 右 | = += -= *= /= .= %= &= |= ^= <<= >>= => | 赋值运算符 |
| 左 | and | 逻辑运算符 |
| 左 | xor | 逻辑运算符 |
| 左 | or | 逻辑运算符 |
| 左 | , | 多处用到 |
对具有相同优先级的运算符，左结合方向意味着将从左向右求值，右结合方向则反之。对于无结合方向具有相同优先级的运算符，该运算符有可能无法与其自身结合。举例说，在 PHP中 1 < 2 > 1 是一个非法语句，而 1 <= 1 == 1则不是。因为 T_IS_EQUAL 运算符的优先级比 T_IS_SMALLER_OR_EQUAL 的运算符要低。
Example #1 结合方向
<?php
$a = 3 * 3 % 5; // (3 * 3) % 5 = 4
$a = true ? 0 : true ? 1 : 2; // (true ? 0 : true) ? 1 : 2 = 2
$a = 1;
$b = 2;
$a = $b += 3; // $a = ($b += 3) -> $a = 5, $b = 5
// mixing ++ and + produces undefined behavior
$a = 1;
echo ++$a + $a++; // may print 4 or 5
?>Note:
尽管 = 比其它大多数的运算符的优先级低，PHP 仍旧允许类似如下的表达式：if (!$a = foo())，在此例中 foo() 的返回值被赋给了 $a。
add a note User Contributed Notes 4 notes
headden at karelia dot ru ¶
5 years ago
Carsten Milkau ¶
2 years ago
Beware the unusual order of bit-wise operators and comparison operators, this has often lead to bugs in my experience. For instance:
<?php if ( $flags & MASK == 1) do_something(); ?>
will not do what you might expect from other languages. Use
<?php if (($flags & MASK) == 1) do_something(); ?>
in PHP instead. Antistone ¶
4 months ago
BEWARE: Addition, subtraction, and string concatenation have equal precedence!
<?
$x = 4;
echo "x minus one equals " . $x-1 . ", or so I hope";
?>
will print "-1, or so I hope"
(Concatenate the first string literal and the value of $x, then implicitly convert that to a number (zero) so you can subtract 1 from it, then concatenate the final string literal.) leipie at gmail dot com ¶
1 year ago
The precedence of the arrow operator (->) on objects seems to the highest of all, even higher then clone.
But you can't wrap (clone $foo)->bar() like this!
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